Dwight D. Eisenhower, 34th president of the United States, promoted Atoms for Peace at the United Nations General Assembly in order to ease Cold War tensions.
Dwight D. Eisenhower was born on October 14, 1890, in Denison, Texas. In 1945 he was appointed U.S. Army chief of staff. He became the first Supreme Allied Commander of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1951. In 1952 he was elected U.S. president. He served two terms before retiring to Gettysburg in 1961. Eisenhower died on March 28, 1969, at the Walter Reed Army Hospital in Washington, D.C.
Early Life
Dwight D. Eisenhower was born on October 14, 1890, in Denison, Texas, to David Jacob Eisenhower and Ida Elizabeth Stover Eisenhower. Dwight was the third of his parents’ seven sons. His parents had moved from Abilene, Kansas, to Denison, Texas, before he was born. In Denison, the family lived in a tiny house near the railroad tracks while David cleaned train engines for a living.
When Dwight was a year and a half old, his family moved back to Abilene so David could take a better job at his brother-in-law’s creamery.
In Abilene, Dwight’s 10-month-old brother Paul died of diphtheria when Dwight was 4 years old. Despite the tragedy, Dwight formed happy childhood memories in Abilene that he would cherish throughout his life. Among these were his days playing baseball and football at Abilene High School.
After Eisenhower graduated from high school in 1909, he joined his father and uncle at the Belle Springs Creamery while also moonlighting as a fireman. Eisenhower used the money he earned to pay his younger brother Edgar’s tuition at the University of Michigan. The brothers had a deal: After two years, they’d switch places—with Edgar then working to support Eisenhower’s college education. Luckily for Edgar, he never had to live up to his end of the deal.
In 1911, Dwight landed an appointment at the United States Military Academy in West Point, New York, where attendance was free of charge. Once again he was a star on the football field, until a series of knee injuries forced him to stop playing. In 1915, Eisenhower proudly graduated from West Point, and was commissioned as a second lieutenant.
Military Career
After graduation, Eisenhower was stationed in Texas, where he met and started dating 18-year-old Mamie Geneva Doud from Denver, Colorado. The couple married nine months later, on July 1, 1916. Eisenhower was promoted to first lieutenant on his wedding day.
For the first few years of Eisenhower’s military career, he and Mamie moved from post to post throughout Texas, Georgia, Maryland, Pennsylvania and New Jersey. In 1917, Mamie gave birth to the couple’s first son, Doud Dwight. That same year, the United States entered WWI. Although Eisenhower hoped to be commissioned overseas, he was instead appointed to run a tank training center at Camp Colt in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. Throughout the war and afterward, Eisenhower continued to rise through the ranks. By 1920, he was promoted to major, after having volunteered for the Tank Corps, in the War Department’s first transcontinental motor convoy, the previous year.
In 1921, tragedy struck at home, when the Eisenhowers’ firstborn son, Doud Dwight, died of scarlet fever at the age of 3. Mamie gave birth to a second son, John Sheldon Doud, in 1922. That year, Eisenhower assumed the role of executive officer to General Fox Conner in the Panama Canal Zone. In 1924, at Conner’s urging, Eisenhower applied to the Army’s prestigious graduate school, the Command and General Staff School at Ft. Leavenworth, Kansas, and was accepted. He graduated first in his class of 245 in 1926, with a firm reputation for his military prowess.
From 1927 to 1929 Eisenhower toured and reported for the War Department, under General John Pershing. After finishing his tour in 1929, Eisenhower was appointed chief military aide under General Douglas MacArthur. From 1935 to 1939 Eisenhower served under MacArthur as assistant military advisor to the Philippines. Eisenhower returned to the United States in early 1940.
Over the next two years he was stationed in California and Washington state. In 1941, after a transfer to Fort Sam Houston, Eisenhower became chief of staff for the Third Army. Eisenhower was soon promoted to brigadier general for his leadership of the Louisiana Maneuvers. Late that year he was transferred to the War Plans division in Washington, D.C. In 1942, he was promoted to major general. Just months later, he became commander-in-chief of the Allied Forces and led Operation Torch, the Allied invasion of North Africa.
On D-Day, June 6, 1944, Eisenhower commanded the Allied forces in the Normandy invasion. In December of that year he was promoted to five-star rank. After Germany’s surrender in 1945, he was made military governor of the U.S. Occupied Zone. Eisenhower then returned home to Abilene and received a hero’s welcome. A few months later, he was appointed U.S. Army chief of staff. In 1948, he was elected president of Columbia University, a position he held until December of 1950, when he decided to leave Columbia to accept an appointment as first Supreme Allied Commander of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. While in Paris with NATO, Eisenhower was encouraged by Republican emissaries to run for president of the United States.
U.S. Presidency
In 1952 Eisenhower retired from active service and returned to Abilene to announce his candidacy for the Republican Party nomination. On November 4, 1952, after winning the election by a landslide, Eisenhower was elected the United States’ 34th president. His domestic policy picked up where Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal and Harry Truman’s Fair Deal programs left off. In foreign policy, Eisenhower made reducing Cold War tensions through military negotiation a main focus of his administration.
In 1953 he orchestrated an armistice that brought peace to South Korea’s border. Also that year, Eisenhower made his famous “Atoms for Peace” speech at the United Nations General Assembly. The United States and Russia had both recently developed atomic bombs, and the speech promoted applying atomic energy to peaceful uses, rather than using it for weaponry and warfare. In 1955, Eisenhower met with Russian, British and French leaders at Geneva to further quell the threat of atomic war.
In 1956 Eisenhower was a reelected to a second term, winning by an even wider margin than in his first election, despite the fact that he had just recently recovered from a heart attack. Over the course of his second term, Eisenhower continued to promote his Atoms for Peace program. In his second term, he also grappled with crises in Lebanon and the Suez.
Accomplishments during his two terms include creating the U.S. Information Agency, and establishing Alaska and Hawaii as states. Eisenhower also supported the creation of the Interstate Highway System during his time in office. His other distinctions include signing the 1957 Civil Rights Act and setting up a permanent Civil Rights Commission. Eisenhower was additionally responsible for signing the bill to form the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).
Poised to leave office in January of 1961, Eisenhower gave a televised farewell address in which he warned the nation against the dangers of the Cold War “military-industrial complex.”
Later Life
Following his presidency, Eisenhower retired to a farmhouse in Gettysburg with his wife, Mamie. Although he had resigned his commission as a general when he became president, when he left office his successor, President Kennedy, reactivated his commission. He also kept an office at Gettysburg College for the remainder of his life, where he held meetings and wrote his memoirs.
Eisenhower died on March 28, 1969, at Walter Reed Army Hospital in Washington, D.C., following a long period of suffering from a heart-related illness. In addition to a state funeral in the nation’s capital, a military funeral was held in Eisenhower’s beloved hometown of Abilene, Kansas.
Dwight David “Ike” Eisenhower was an American army general and statesman who served as the 34th president of the United States from 1953 to 1961. During World War II, he was a five-star general in the United States Army and served as supreme commander of the Allied Expeditionary Forces in Europe.
Born: October 14, 1890, Denison, TX
Died: March 28, 1969, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda
Presidential term: January 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961
Party: Republican Party
Vice president: Richard Nixon (1953–1961)
Nicknames: Kansas Cyclone, Ike, General Ike, Little Ike, Duckpin
• First president to serve in World War II.
• First president to serve in both World Wars.
• First president to have been a five-star general of the army.
• First president to have served as chief of staff of the United States Army.
• First president to have served as Supreme Allied Commander Europe.
• First president to have an aircraft carrier named after him.
• First president to be born in Texas.
• First president from Kansas.
• First president to begin his presidency on January 20 (per the Twentieth Amendment). He began his presidency on January 20, 1953.
• First president to celebrate his 70th birthday while in office. Eisenhower was born in 1890 and turned 70 in 1960. His office term ended in 1961.
• First president to have had both major parties attempt to recruit him for the presidential nomination of their party. Eisenhower was a popular military figure of World War II, and was encouraged by Democrats and Republicans to run for their party’s presidential nomination after the war. president Truman reportedly offered to serve as Eisenhower’s vice president if he ran as a Democrat. Eisenhower ultimately ran as a Republican.
• First president to travel by jet aircraft and helicopter.
• First president to get a pilot’s license.
• First president to visit the independent nations of Switzerland, Vatican City, Turkey, Pakistan, Afghanistan, India, Greece, Tunisia, Spain, Chile, Portugal, the Philippines, South Korea and Taiwan while in office.
• First president to give a televised news conference, in 1955.
• First president to appear on color television.
• First president of all 50 states (Alaska and Hawaii were admitted during his presidency).
• First president to be term-limited, due to the 22nd Amendment.
• First president to have served more than one full term with a Congress controlled by the opposing party.
• First president to have received an honorary knighthood from a foreign nation (Eisenhower received 22 such honors).
• First president to receive the Army Distinguished Service Medal, the Navy Distinguished Service Medal, and the Legion of Merit.
• First president to receive the Philippine Distinguished Service Star, the French Médaille militaire, the French Croix de guerre 1939–1945, the Belgian Croix de guerre, and the Luxembourgish Military Medal.
• First president and first American to be appointed to the British Order of Merit.
• First president to be made a Grand Cordon of the Japanese Order of the Chrysanthemum.
• First president and American to receive the Soviet Order of Victory, for serving as Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force.
• First president to receive an Emmy Award.
• First president to have had a secretary of health, education, and welfare.
• First president to have had a national security advisor.
• First president to serve as president of Columbia University.